A brief overview of the seven types of nursological theories is given in this table. She regards the seven fundamental patterns of knowing in nursology as middle-range or situation-specific theories of nursology. Nursologist Jacqueline Fawcett conceptualizes seven fundamental patterns of knowing, highlighting distinctions in socio-political and spiritual knowing. Seven Types of Middle-Range Theories and Situation-Specific Theories Knowledge Development in Nursing: Theory and Process (11th ed.). Source: Fundamental Patterns of Knowing as depicted in Chinn, P. The concept of emancipatory knowing shares this focus but also focuses on critical dynamics of power that reveal inequities and disadvantages. The concept of emancipatory knowing is closely aligned with the concept introduced by Jill White – sociopolitical knowing, which focuses more specifically on the context of nursing and those who influence it. This pattern, depicted as central to the other four patterns, was based on the growing body of literature addressing knowledge required to make cultural, social and political change that is required to improve health and health care. Chinn and Kramer later introduced and described the concept of nursing praxis, expert practice that integrates all patterns of knowing and, in 2010, introduced a fifth pattern – emancipatory knowing. They also provided diagrams of the patterns that evolved as understanding of the patterns evolved and depicted dynamic interaction among them. For each pattern, they added critical questions, creative inquiry processes, formal expressions, and means of authenticating knowledge. Subsequently, Chinn and Kramer, over 11 editions of Knowledge Development in Nursing, extended Carper’s initial work on the patterns of knowing in nursing. The notion that nursing requires patterns of knowing, different from empirics, that more adequately address the range of concerns nurses encounter in practice and how they understand them, was a welcome advance in understanding the nature of nursology. Yet, at the same time, they recognized that many problems in nursing defied quantitative study. Used by permission.Ĭarper’s article was published at a time when nursologists were focused on developing quantitative research methods. For more Vox videos, subscribe to our channel on YouTube.Source: Fundamental Patterns of Knowing as depicted in Chinn, P. To learn more about the Memphis Group and how it inspired the look of the ’80s, check out the video above. And if you think about the logo of MTV with all those colors and patterns and the scratchy graphics, that clearly is close to the graphic designs coming out of Italy that were in context of which Memphis emerged. I always think it’s important that it happened virtually simultaneously with MTV, which also launched in 1981. It was this huge phenomenon, and then you saw it caught on very, very quickly as the look of the ’80s. The New York Times wrote that the show “appalled some and amused others but put everyone attending the fair in a state of high excitement.” According to Glenn Adamson, a senior scholar at the Yale Center of British Art, the design trend caught on very quickly: The show crowded the streets so much that on his way to the venue, Sottsass thought a bomb had gone off in downtown Milan. It featured the “Bel Air” chair, which had a plastic ball as a part of the leg, and the colorful “Carlton” bookcase that cascaded outward. The Memphis Group’s first show took place in Milan, at the Salone del Mobile Milano, in 1981. George Sowden, a co-founder of the Memphis Group, said in an interview that “a lot of people felt trapped within these rules.” They set out to break out of modernism, a style that required designers to follow many rules. The collective included designers and architects from all around the world - Italy, Japan, Britain, Austria, France, Spain, and America. The essential elements of the ’80s look were created by the Memphis design movement, led by Italian architect Ettore Sottsass. The look was so influential that it continues to inspire design today. The time had such a distinctive style that the mere mention of “the look of the ’80s” conjures up specific visuals. The ’80s was the decade of crazy patterns, vibrant colors, and feathered hairstyles.
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